What is Anthropology?</h1> <article> <h1>What is Anthropology?</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="what-is-anthropology"> What is Anthropology? <a class="anchor" href="#what-is-anthropology">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>Study humans from comparative perspective (across time + space)</li> <li>Primarily interested in culture <ul> <li>our values/beliefs <ul> <li>learned</li> <li>give meaning to our behavior</li> <li>makes us unique as a species</li> <li>one way humans adapt to new environments</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>“What does it mean to be human?” → Our distinctly complex development of culture</p> <h1 id="four-field-discipline"> Four Field Discipline <a class="anchor" href="#four-field-discipline">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li><strong>Socio-cultural</strong>: compares living humans + cultures/politics</li> <li><strong>Linguistics</strong>: evolution of language</li> <li><strong>Archaeology</strong>: material remains of past/extinct populations (more recent = disaster archaeology)</li> <li><strong>Biological</strong>: science of human life; evolution <ul> <li>Human biology: genetics, behavior, growth, physical/cultural adaptation</li> <li>Primatology: non human living primates (closest to humans)</li> <li>Paleoanthropology: evolution of anatomy/behavior</li> <li>Skeletal biology: examining bones of past populations (aka bioarchaeology)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </article> <article> <h1>Evolution</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="evolution"> Evolution <a class="anchor" href="#evolution">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>Attempts to answer questions about our biological functions</li> <li>Is a <em>theory</em> — we don’t know for sure about the mechanisms, intricacies</li> </ul> <h1 id="pre-evolutionary-views-pre-darwin"> Pre-evolutionary views (pre-Darwin) <a class="anchor" href="#pre-evolutionary-views-pre-darwin">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>Ancient India, Greece, China: earliest theories of evolution</li> <li>In Europe, predominant belief was <strong>stasis</strong> (fixed, unchanging)</li> <li>Ranking to order of life: the great chain of being <ul> <li>God > angels > humans > other animals…</li> </ul> </li> <li>No other way to explain complexity other than God’s plan of creation</li> </ul> <h1 id="scientific-revolution"> Scientific Revolution <a class="anchor" href="#scientific-revolution">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li><strong>Copernicus</strong>: earth not at center of universe</li> <li><strong>Galileo</strong>: universe in motion (<em>not</em> fixed)</li> <li><strong>Kepler, Descartes, Newton</strong>: laws of physics</li> <li>Age of discovery / Industrial Revolution: beginning of a new way of thinking</li> </ul> <h1 id="classifying"> Classifying <a class="anchor" href="#classifying">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li><strong>John Ray</strong>: concept of a <em>species</em> and <em>genus</em> (similar groups of species)</li> <li><strong>Carolus Linnaeus</strong>: book <em>Systema Naturae</em> <ul> <li>Adds <em>class</em> and <em>order</em></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="fossils"> Fossils <a class="anchor" href="#fossils">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Many misconceptions early on, thought they were from Bible</li> <li>da Vinci, Robert Hooke, Nicholas Steno <ul> <li>Suggested that fossils were extinct animals</li> <li>Sequence — top = young, bottom = old</li> <li>Still used Bible to explain extinction (disasters caused)</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Cuvier</strong>: catastrophist; correlation of parts</li> <li><strong>Buffon</strong>: changing environment; questioned catastrophism</li> </ul> <h2 id="uniformitarianism"> Uniformitarianism <a class="anchor" href="#uniformitarianism">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>“Deep time” — time is immense and changing</li> </ul> <h1 id="evolution-before-charles-darwin"> Evolution before Charles Darwin <a class="anchor" href="#evolution-before-charles-darwin">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>grandfather <strong>Erasmus Darwin</strong>: tried to explain complex life forms, and how they originated</li> <li>Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: forms could change/adapt based on changes in environment <ul> <li>thought adaptation was directional, approached perfection</li> <li>“fluids”, “forces” caused changes, passed on to offspring — <strong>Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics</strong></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Charles Lyell</strong>: incremental pace of geological change</li> <li><strong>Thomas Malthus</strong>: demographer, examined population increase <ul> <li>natural forces would balance population growth</li> <li>overproduction is contracted by nature</li> </ul> </li> <li>Alfred Russel Wallace: natural selection, spiritualist</li> </ul> <h1 id="charles-darwin"> Charles Darwin <a class="anchor" href="#charles-darwin">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>HMS Beagle, voyage around world to collect samples for natural history</li> <li>Galapagos islands: each island had similar animals, but slightly different features <ul> <li>Finches, tortoises, iguanas — differed on foods on islands</li> </ul> </li> <li>Thought about selective breeding of flowers — get variations of life forms artificially</li> <li><strong>Post-hoc selection</strong>: breeding relatives of offspring w/ favorable traits <ul> <li>parents are important also</li> <li>reversal in logic: e.g. breeding for meat to get better meat</li> <li>over lots of generations, favorable traits are more common</li> <li>intentional selection</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Differential Reproduction</strong>: variation b/twn offspring; traits can be selected</li> </ul> <h1 id="natural-selection"> Natural Selection <a class="anchor" href="#natural-selection">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="darwins-ingredients-1850s"> Darwin’s Ingredients (1850s) <a class="anchor" href="#darwins-ingredients-1850s">#</a> </h2> <ol> <li>“Grandchildren like grandfathers” — relatives share traits</li> <li>Small, physical changes across generations; variations over time and over individuals</li> <li>“great fertility in proportion to support of parents”: favorable traits help with survival of offspring</li> </ol> <h2 id="richard-lewontins-ingredients-1978"> Richard Lewontin’s Ingredients (1978) <a class="anchor" href="#richard-lewontins-ingredients-1978">#</a> </h2> <p>basically reiterated Darwin</p> </article> <article> <h1>Traits</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="d-traits"> [D] Traits <a class="anchor" href="#d-traits">#</a> </h1> <h1 id="traits"> Traits <a class="anchor" href="#traits">#</a> </h1> <p>(See [[psych131-140/2-3 genetics]] for the same allele / genotype / phenotype framing applied to mental-health traits, including the polymorphism concept used below.)</p> <ul> <li><strong>Aa</strong> — Allele (each letter), Monogenic trait (the pair)</li> <li><strong>Genotype</strong> vs <strong>Phenotype</strong> <ul> <li>Genotype: actual genetic material — possible combinations of alleles (Aa, AA, aa)</li> <li>Phenotype: expression of genes — possible observable traits ((Aa, AA) or (aa))</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Homozygous</strong> vs <strong>Heterozygous</strong> <ul> <li>Homozygous: both alleles same — AA or aa</li> <li>Heterozygous: different alleles — Aa</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Dominant</strong> vs <strong>Recessive</strong> (alleles) <ul> <li>Dominant: A</li> <li>Recessive: a</li> </ul> </li> <li>Chromosomes are associated w/ passing of traits</li> </ul> <h1 id="mendels-principles"> Mendel’s Principles <a class="anchor" href="#mendels-principles">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="law-of-segregation"> Law of Segregation <a class="anchor" href="#law-of-segregation">#</a> </h2> <p>Since offspring inherit one allele from each parent, traits cannot be blended — either inherits from one parent or the other.</p> </article> <article> <h1>Mitosis and Meiosis</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="e-mitosis-and-meiosis"> [E] Mitosis and Meiosis <a class="anchor" href="#e-mitosis-and-meiosis">#</a> </h1> <p>Thursday, January 30, 2020 12:57 PM</p> <h1 id="mitosis"> Mitosis <a class="anchor" href="#mitosis">#</a> </h1> <p>Cell division of <strong>somatic</strong> (body) cells Results in identical pair of cells</p> <h1 id="meiosis"> Meiosis <a class="anchor" href="#meiosis">#</a> </h1> <p>Cell division of gametes (sex cells) Results in 4 daughter cells w/ only half of the genetic information</p> <ul> <li>Allows for evolution — parents’ genetic info is <strong>combined</strong></li> <li>(law of) Independent Assortment, recombination, mutation ⇒ variation <ul> <li>alleles/traits segregate independently, allowing for new combinations of traits. With the exception of <strong>linkage</strong>, traits are completely separate</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>(Meiosis is the biological substrate for the twin-study heritability statistics used in [[psych131-140/2-3 genetics]].)</p> </article> <article> <h1>Modern Evolutionary Theory</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="f-modern-evolutionary-theory"> [F] Modern Evolutionary Theory <a class="anchor" href="#f-modern-evolutionary-theory">#</a> </h1> <p>Tuesday, February 4, 2020 12:43 PM</p> <h2 id="forces-of-evolution"> Forces of Evolution <a class="anchor" href="#forces-of-evolution">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Mutation</li> <li>Segregation</li> <li>Independent assortment</li> <li>Recombination</li> <li>Gene flow</li> <li>Genetic drift</li> <li>Natural selection</li> </ul> <p><strong>Evolution: the change in allele frequencies</strong></p> <p>(Allele-frequency variation in a population is exactly what behavioral-genetics studies operationalize as [[psych150/Heritability of Personality|heritability]]; the same statistic applied to clinical traits is in [[psych131-140/2-3 genetics]].)</p> <h2 id="gene-flow"> Gene Flow <a class="anchor" href="#gene-flow">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="mixing-of-population-genes"> Mixing of population genes <a class="anchor" href="#mixing-of-population-genes">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Two populations are separated ⇒ genetic difference</li> <li>These populations interbreed ⇒ causes gene flow</li> <li>Higher variation in populations</li> </ul> <h2 id="genetic-drift"> Genetic Drift <a class="anchor" href="#genetic-drift">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="statistical-sampling-causes-random-selection-sampling-error"> Statistical sampling causes random selection (sampling error) <a class="anchor" href="#statistical-sampling-causes-random-selection-sampling-error">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li> <p>Meiosis results in 50/50 mixing of genes</p> </article> <article> <h1>Origin of New Species</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="the-origin-of-new-species"> The Origin of New Species <a class="anchor" href="#the-origin-of-new-species">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>ecological isolation (physical barriers)</li> <li>reproductive isolation <ul> <li>different mating schedule</li> <li>different sexual behaviors</li> <li>mechanical differences</li> </ul> </li> <li>incompatible gametes</li> <li>hybrid inviability: fertilization possible but zygotes do not survive</li> <li>hybrid sterility: hybrid species can breed but offspring cannot</li> </ul> <p><em>isolation creates new species</em></p> <h1 id="gene-selection"> Gene Selection <a class="anchor" href="#gene-selection">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>isolated populations will evolve differently (genetic drift)</li> <li>more separation ⇒ more incompatibility ⇒ less breeding ⇒ new species</li> </ul> <h1 id="adaptive-radiation"> Adaptive Radiation <a class="anchor" href="#adaptive-radiation">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li> <p>when subpopulations adapt to new ecological niches differently</p> </article> <article> <h1>Biological Classification</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="h-biological-classification"> [H] Biological Classification <a class="anchor" href="#h-biological-classification">#</a> </h1> <p>Tuesday, February 4, 2020 1:27 PM</p> <h2 id="the-macroevolutionary-level"> The Macroevolutionary Level <a class="anchor" href="#the-macroevolutionary-level">#</a> </h2> <p>To understand humans:</p> <ul> <li>compare biology & behavior to other organisms</li> <li>see how we fit in biological history</li> <li>find our place in the animal kingdom</li> <li>what has happened to us over time</li> </ul> <h2 id="biological-classification--taxonomy"> Biological Classification — Taxonomy <a class="anchor" href="#biological-classification--taxonomy">#</a> </h2> <p>↳ hierarchical system based on similarity (controversial — gives unclear answers; anatomical, molecular info often conflict)</p> </article> <article> <h1>Geological Time and Vertebrate Evolution</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="i-geological-time-and-vertebrate-evolution"> [I] Geological Time and Vertebrate Evolution <a class="anchor" href="#i-geological-time-and-vertebrate-evolution">#</a> </h1> <p><em>Tuesday, February 11, 2020 — 12:56 PM</em></p> <h2 id="vertebrate-evolution"> Vertebrate Evolution <a class="anchor" href="#vertebrate-evolution">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Chordates (Cambrian Period, 560 Ma) <ul> <li>earliest vertebrate traits</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="cambrian-explosion-adaptive-radiation-of-chordates-5-my"> Cambrian Explosion: Adaptive Radiation of Chordates (~5 my) <a class="anchor" href="#cambrian-explosion-adaptive-radiation-of-chordates-5-my">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li> <p>Organisms with the earliest vertebrate traits</p> <ul> <li>Notochord (stiff rod)</li> <li>nerve cord (precursor to brain and spinal cord)</li> <li>pharyngeal slits (respiration)</li> <li>muscular tail (aid in digestion)</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>Organisms with the earliest vertebrate traits</p> <ul> <li>Notochord (stiff rod)</li> <li>nerve cord (precursor to brain and spinal cord)</li> <li>pharyngeal slits (respiration)</li> <li>muscular tail (aid in digestion)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="upper-cambrian-510-mya"> Upper Cambrian: 510 mya <a class="anchor" href="#upper-cambrian-510-mya">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>heads</li> <li>endoskeleton</li> <li>true vertebral column</li> <li>closed circulatory system</li> </ul> <h2 id="lower-silurian-430-mya"> Lower Silurian: 430 mya <a class="anchor" href="#lower-silurian-430-mya">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Gnathostomata <ul> <li>jaws</li> <li>pairs of appendages — ex. placoderms</li> <li>early fish</li> </ul> </li> <li>lots of niches filled</li> </ul> <h2 id="middle-devonian-400-mya"> Middle Devonian: 400 mya <a class="anchor" href="#middle-devonian-400-mya">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li><u>Cartilaginous</u> and <u>bony fish</u> <ul> <li>chondrichthyes / osteichthyes</li> <li>↳ leads to mammals</li> </ul> </li> <li>lobe-finned fish <ul> <li>↳ leads to amphibians</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="upper-devonian-370-mya"> Upper Devonian: 370 mya <a class="anchor" href="#upper-devonian-370-mya">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>True amphibians: tetrapods <ul> <li>arms, legs</li> <li>5 digits</li> <li>air breathing</li> <li>live on land — but still laid eggs in water</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Environment: new environment outside of water; better support for life</p> </article> <article> <h1>Primates</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="primates"> Primates <a class="anchor" href="#primates">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="why-study-primates"> Why Study Primates? <a class="anchor" href="#why-study-primates">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Understand evolution as a species</li> <li>Use to model/understand evolutionary relationships</li> <li>Study origins of human traits</li> </ul> <h2 id="placental-mammals"> Placental Mammals <a class="anchor" href="#placental-mammals">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>High energy usage</li> <li>Enhanced sensory reception <ul> <li>Bigger brains</li> <li>Better flexibility/reaction</li> </ul> </li> <li>High reproductive effort <ul> <li>Long lactation</li> <li>Dependent offspring</li> <li>Long gestation period</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="primate-characteristics"> Primate Characteristics <a class="anchor" href="#primate-characteristics">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Over 200 species</li> <li>Small, arboreal (live in trees)</li> <li>Most are monkeys or strepsirhines</li> <li><strong>Orthograde Posture</strong>: erect, flexible limb structure</li> <li><strong>Prehensility</strong>: hands and feet, opposable thumbs, tactile pads on hands</li> <li>Most are quadruped <ul> <li>Arboreal: longer legs + tails, <strong>brachiation</strong>: arm over arm swinging (primary locomotion for lesser apes)</li> <li>Terrestrial: equal length arms + legs, short tail</li> <li>Semi-brachiation: use tail</li> </ul> </li> <li>Color vision (exception: nocturnal)</li> <li>Stereoscopic vision (depth)</li> <li>Decreased reliance on smell</li> <li>Types of heterodont dentition: (canines, incisors, premolar, molar)</li> <li>Diet: large variety (but not necessarily omnivorous) <ul> <li>Larger primates eat leaves, fruits</li> <li>Smaller primates eat bugs, tree gum</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="primate-habitats"> Primate Habitats <a class="anchor" href="#primate-habitats">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Tropical climate</li> <li>Forest/woodland habitat</li> <li>Old World Monkeys: live on ground <ul> <li>Gorillas, chimps</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h1 id="cladogram"> Cladogram <a class="anchor" href="#cladogram">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="strepsirhines"> Strepsirhines <a class="anchor" href="#strepsirhines">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="lemurs-lorises"> Lemurs, Lorises <a class="anchor" href="#lemurs-lorises">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Nocturnal exc. lemurs</li> <li>Insectivores</li> <li>Arboreal</li> <li>Solitary living</li> <li>Reliant on olfaction, poor vision</li> <li>Southern Africa <ul> <li>Small</li> </ul> </li> <li>Shiny, layered eyes</li> </ul> <h2 id="haplorhines"> Haplorhines <a class="anchor" href="#haplorhines">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Southern Africa <ul> <li>small</li> </ul> </li> <li>shiny, layered eyes</li> <li>wet, sensitive nose</li> <li>VCL: vertical clinger and leapers <ul> <li>long legs, backs</li> <li>powerful hands</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h1 id="lorises"> Lorises <a class="anchor" href="#lorises">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>monogamous</li> <li>multiparous (lots of babies) - store young in trees</li> <li>Asian Lorises: slow moving, stalk prey</li> </ul> <h1 id="lemurs"> Lemurs <a class="anchor" href="#lemurs">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>Madagascar <ul> <li>isolated, so adaptive radiation occurs</li> <li>now many different types of lemurs</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="atypical-strepsirhines"> Atypical Strepsirhines <a class="anchor" href="#atypical-strepsirhines">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>diurnal (awake in day)</li> <li>eat fruit (frugivorous), folivorous</li> <li>large social groups (ring-tailed lemurs) <ul> <li>dominance hierarchies (male-male competition)</li> </ul> </li> <li>tails used to communicate</li> <li>diverse sizes</li> <li>Sifakas: bipedal, social</li> <li>Aye-ayes: solitary, unique feeding specialization</li> </ul> <h2 id="cercopithecines"> Cercopithecines <a class="anchor" href="#cercopithecines">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>ectotympanic bony tube in ear</li> <li>rounded teeth, equal limbs, shorter tails, cheek pouches</li> <li>multimale polygamy, social hierarchy</li> <li>omnivorous, terrestrial</li> <li>colorful, big teeth → assert dominance to males</li> <li>baboons, mandrills, savannah baboons, hamadryas baboons, gelada baboons, macaques (snow monkeys)</li> <li>single male polygamous</li> </ul> <h2 id="colobines"> Colobines <a class="anchor" href="#colobines">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Colobus monkeys, odd-nosed monkeys</li> <li>folivorous, arboreal</li> <li>long legs + tails, complex stomachs, pointy teeth</li> <li>bilophodont molars</li> </ul> <p><strong>Must know species</strong></p> </article> <article> <h1>Hominids</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="hominoids"> Hominoids <a class="anchor" href="#hominoids">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="taxonomy"> Taxonomy <a class="anchor" href="#taxonomy">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Hominoids</strong>: lesser + great apes</li> <li><strong>Hominids</strong>: Asian, African apes</li> <li><strong>Hominines</strong>: African apes</li> <li><strong>Hominins</strong>: Humans + chimps</li> </ul> <p>Hominoids</p> <ul> <li>→ Hylobatids</li> <li>→ Hominids <ul> <li>→ Pongines</li> <li>→ Hominines <ul> <li>→ Gorilla</li> <li>→ Pongo pygmaeus (Orangutan)</li> <li>→ Hominins <ul> <li>→ Pan <ul> <li>→ Pan troglodytes (Common Chimp)</li> <li>→ Pan paniscus (Bonobos)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="hominoids-1"> Hominoids <a class="anchor" href="#hominoids-1">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>2.1.2.3 denture</li> <li>ectotympanic tube (like Old World monkeys)</li> <li>narrow nose w/ downward nostrils</li> </ul> <h2 id="unique-traits"> Unique Traits <a class="anchor" href="#unique-traits">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>broad palate</li> <li>no tail</li> <li>Y-5 molars</li> <li>larger brain</li> </ul> <h2 id="bodies"> Bodies <a class="anchor" href="#bodies">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>orthograde (upright) posture</li> <li>long, curved arms/fingers</li> <li>short legs</li> <li>mobile shoulders</li> </ul> <h1 id="hylobatids-hylobates-or-gibbons-lesser-apes"> Hylobatids (Hylobates or Gibbons) Lesser Apes <a class="anchor" href="#hylobatids-hylobates-or-gibbons-lesser-apes">#</a> </h1> <ul> <li>Smaller than Great Apes</li> <li>frugivorous</li> <li>monogamous <ul> <li>joint defense, small dimorphism</li> </ul> </li> <li>SE Asia</li> <li>Short, low skull w/ projecting canine</li> <li>brachiation, orthograde (inherits from superclass hominoids)</li> </ul> <p>Siamangs - throat pouches “gular sac” for loud defense</p> </article> <article> <h1>Primate Anatomy</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h2 id="primate-behavior"> Primate Behavior <a class="anchor" href="#primate-behavior">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="social-interactions"> Social Interactions <a class="anchor" href="#social-interactions">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li><strong>k-selected:</strong> large body size, long life, few offspring — high investment <ul> <li>babies are completely dependent on parents (altricial) <ul> <li>maternal bond is just as important as nutrition</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>estrus:</strong> a period where females are sexually receptive <ul> <li>a reproductive strategy <ul> <li>baboons, chimps, bonobos have estrus swelling <ul> <li>correlated w/ multi-male, multi-female social structures</li> <li>correlated w/ large male reproductive organs</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>sperm competition:</strong> a male reproductive strategy where males maximize the amount of sperm. Most seen w/ estrus swelling</li> <li><strong>only lesser apes are monogamous</strong> <ul> <li>monogamy = low sexual dimorphism</li> <li>single male polygynous = high</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="human-reproductive-behavior"> Human Reproductive Behavior <a class="anchor" href="#human-reproductive-behavior">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>large reproductive organs ⇒ multimale/female</li> <li>little sexual dimorphism, small canines</li> </ul> <h3 id="why-study-primates"> Why Study Primates? <a class="anchor" href="#why-study-primates">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li> <p>compare biological homologies, analogies</p> </article> <article> <h1>Paleoanthropology</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="o-paleoanthropology-early-hominins"> [O] Paleoanthropology: Early Hominins <a class="anchor" href="#o-paleoanthropology-early-hominins">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="what-is-paleoanthropology"> What is Paleoanthropology? <a class="anchor" href="#what-is-paleoanthropology">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Looks at fossil record of primate evolution</li> <li>Try to make evolutionary reconstructions</li> </ul> <h2 id="methods"> Methods <a class="anchor" href="#methods">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Geology, paleontology, field sites</li> <li>Defining Species: lumpers vs splitters</li> <li>Classification: systematic definition of species, phylogenic reconstruction</li> </ul> <h2 id="the-possible-first-hominins"> The Possible First Hominins <a class="anchor" href="#the-possible-first-hominins">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Sahelanthropus — 7mya, Chad</li> <li>Ardipithecus <ul> <li>not common ancestor of human/pan, but very close</li> <li>5–7 mya</li> </ul> </li> <li>Orrorin — 6mya</li> </ul> <h3 id="sahelanthropus-tchadensis"> Sahelanthropus tchadensis <a class="anchor" href="#sahelanthropus-tchadensis">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Small brain (similar to chimps)</li> <li>More face than brain, flat (orthognathic)</li> <li>Thick brow ridge</li> <li>“Mosaic fossil” — some shared features</li> <li>U-shaped teeth (like chimps)</li> <li>Foramen magnum closer to center (bipedal?)</li> </ul> <h3 id="orrorin-tugenensis"> Orrorin tugenensis <a class="anchor" href="#orrorin-tugenensis">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Thick tooth enamel (ape-like)</li> <li>Ape-like canine but small teeth</li> <li>Climbing: curved finger/phalanges, humerus muscles → upper arms for locomotion</li> <li>Bipedalism: femur muscle marks, thickness, femur neck has even distribution <ul> <li>apes have more bone on top</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="ardipithecus"> Ardipithecus <a class="anchor" href="#ardipithecus">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li> <p><em>A. ramidus</em> — recent — 4.4m</p> </article> <article> <h1>Humans</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="p-homo"> [P] Homo <a class="anchor" href="#p-homo">#</a> </h1> <p>Thursday, March 12, 2020 1:25 PM</p> <h2 id="early-homo"> Early Homo <a class="anchor" href="#early-homo">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>2.5 – 1.8 mya <ul> <li>Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia</li> </ul> </li> <li>E/S Africa <ul> <li>S Africa, Malawi</li> </ul> </li> <li>River margin ecology</li> <li>More diverse and spread out</li> </ul> <h3 id="homo-human"> Homo: “human” <a class="anchor" href="#homo-human">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>habilis: handy man</li> <li>ergaster: workman</li> <li>erectus: upright</li> <li>antecessor: explorer</li> <li>heidelbergensis: Heidelberg, Germany</li> <li>neanderthalensis: Neander Valley, Germany</li> <li>sapiens: wise</li> </ul> <h2 id="homo-rudolfensis"> Homo rudolfensis <a class="anchor" href="#homo-rudolfensis">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>2.5 – 1.7 mya</li> <li>Koobi Fora, Malawi</li> <li>Orthognathic, broad face</li> <li>Smaller back teeth, larger front teeth — similar to humans</li> </ul> <h2 id="homo-habilis-handy-man"> Homo habilis “handy man” <a class="anchor" href="#homo-habilis-handy-man">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Also 2.5 – 1.7 mya</li> <li>Koobi Fora, Olduvai, Hadar, Sterkfontein</li> <li>Very similar to H. rudolfensis</li> </ul> <h3 id="differences"> Differences <a class="anchor" href="#differences">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Smaller face, teeth, brain</li> <li>Postcrania is more like Australopithecus but still clearly bipedal</li> </ul> <p>First fossils found with Oldowan tools, but garhi now known to use tools</p> </article> <article> <h1>Human Skeletal Biology</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="s-human-skeletal-biology"> [S] Human Skeletal Biology <a class="anchor" href="#s-human-skeletal-biology">#</a> </h1> <p>Tuesday, April 7, 2020 — 12:49 PM</p> <h2 id="what-is-skeletal-biology"> What is Skeletal Biology? <a class="anchor" href="#what-is-skeletal-biology">#</a> </h2> <p>Study of the skeleton</p> <ul> <li>human osteology: general, descriptive analysis of the skeleton</li> <li>bioarchaeology: (more recent term) integrates skeletal biology with archaeological contexts</li> <li>forensic anthropology: applied skeletal biology to medical/legal context (identify individuals)</li> </ul> <h2 id="what-can-we-learn"> What can we learn? <a class="anchor" href="#what-can-we-learn">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>human evolution</li> <li>past social behavior</li> <li>modern biology/physiology</li> <li>identify individuals (forensics)</li> </ul> <h2 id="features--terminology"> Features – Terminology <a class="anchor" href="#features--terminology">#</a> </h2> <p>★ everything leaves marks!</p> </article> <article> <h1>Bioarchaeology</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="u-bioarchaeology"> [U] Bioarchaeology <a class="anchor" href="#u-bioarchaeology">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="definition"> Definition: <a class="anchor" href="#definition">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Bioarchaeology:</strong> integrates skeletal biology knowledge with archaeological and historical context to approach anthropological questions.</li> <li>Emphasis on: <ul> <li>population level</li> <li>biocultural approach</li> <li>But the context can vary!</li> </ul> </li> <li>helps us learn about effects of behavior/culture on the body</li> <li>demonstrates human evolution, variation, adaptation</li> </ul> <h2 id="history"> History: <a class="anchor" href="#history">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Herodotus – 440 BC: Egyptian variation + evolution</li> <li>early skeletal biology → categorized humans, collected skulls (cranial topology)</li> <li>Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Samuel Morton (1839) <ul> <li>differences in brain function</li> </ul> </li> <li>First physical anthropologist: Ales Hrdlicka: founded AJPA</li> <li>Hooton: modern epidemiology for racial differences</li> <li>Franz Boas: founded American Anthropology <ul> <li>challenged genetic explanations for variation <ul> <li>influenced by environment</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="shift-to-modern-perspectives"> Shift to modern perspectives <a class="anchor" href="#shift-to-modern-perspectives">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Ecological, evolutionary, cultural perspectives</li> <li>1950: Washburn — variation and evolution</li> <li>biocultural approach <ul> <li>culture is part of adaptation to environment</li> <li>improved technology</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="contemporary-bioarchaeology"> Contemporary Bioarchaeology <a class="anchor" href="#contemporary-bioarchaeology">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>study interaction b/tw biology, behavior</li> </ul> <h2 id="culture-contact-colonialism"> Culture Contact, Colonialism <a class="anchor" href="#culture-contact-colonialism">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>negative health consequences <ul> <li>different diseases being circulated</li> <li>enslavement, genocide</li> </ul> </li> <li>poor health associated w/ early farmers</li> </ul> <h2 id="stress-indicators"> Stress Indicators <a class="anchor" href="#stress-indicators">#</a> </h2> <p>physiological disruption of poor living environment</p> </article> <article> <h1>Biocultural Evolution</h1> <p>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</p> <h1 id="v-the-life-cycle"> [V] The Life Cycle <a class="anchor" href="#v-the-life-cycle">#</a> </h1> <p>Tuesday, April 21, 2020 — 1:30 PM</p> <h2 id="biocultural-evolution-and-the-life-cycle"> Biocultural Evolution and the Life Cycle <a class="anchor" href="#biocultural-evolution-and-the-life-cycle">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Primate life cycles and human evolution: we are unique as culture plays role in our life history traits (and their influence on our health)</li> <li>Seek to understand our life history traits (gestation, interbirth interval, infant dependency, weaning, life expectancy..)</li> <li>Anthropologists use life history theory to answer questions about nonhuman primate and human growth and aging (ie? what is length of lifespan or lactation or why menopause)</li> </ul> <p>→ What is the natural evolution of life history traits?</p> </article> </main></body></html>